FREE ESSAY ON Y2K

Y2K

Less than two years until the year 2000. Two seemingly small digits may turn January 1,
2000 from a worldwide celebration into a universal nightmare. With computers mistaking
the year 2000 for 1900, virtually all businesses that use dates will be affected. Not
only will the companies be affected, but they are paying millions upon millions of
dollars in order for computers to recognize the difference between the years 2000 and
1900. The year 2000 computer bug is a huge problem that our world must face.
In order to explain how to solve the millennium bug, it is a good idea to be informed
about exactly what the year 2000 problem is. The year 2000 industry expert, Peter de
Jager, described the problem quite well. We programmed computers to store the date in the
following format: dd/mm/yy. This only allows 2 digits for the year. January 1, 2000 would
be stored as 01/01/00. But the computer will interpret this as January 1, 1900- not 2000
(de Jager 1). The '19' is hard-coded into computer hardware and software. Since there are
only 2 physical spaces for the year in this date format, after '99', the only logical
choice is to reset the number to '00'.
The year 2000 problem is unlike any other problem in modern history for several reasons.
William Adams points out some of the most important ones. Time is running out- the Year
2000 is inevitable! The problem will occur simultaneously worldwide, time zones
withstanding. It affects all languages and platforms, hardware & software. The demand for
solutions will exceed the supply. Survivors will survive big, losers will lose big. There
is no 'silver bullet' that is going to fix things (Adams 2). It is too big and too
overwhelming even for [Bill Gates and] Microsoft (Widder 3). Separate, any one of these
points makes Y2K, a common abbreviation for the year 2000 problem, an addition to the
obstacle. Combined, they form what seems more like a hideous monster than an
insignificant bug.
The impact of Y2K on society is enormous, bringing the largest companies in the world to
their knees, pleading for a fix at nearly any cost. The modern world has come to depend
on information as much as it has on electricity and running water. Fixing the problem is
difficult because there are [less than] two years left to correct 40 years of behavior
(de Jager 1). Alan Greenspan has warned that being 99 percent ready isn't enough (Widder
2). Chief Economist Edward Yardeni has said that the chances for a worldwide recession to
occur because of Y2K are at 40% (Widder 3). Senator Bob Benett (Republican, Utah) made a
good analogy about the potential of the problem. In the 1970's, oil was the energy that
ran our world economy. Today it runs on the energy of information. He later said, To
cripple the technological flow of information throughout the world is to bring it to a
virtual standstill (Widder 3).
The potential of the problem in everyday life is alarming. Imagine making a loan payment
in 1999 for a bill that is due in 2000. The company's computers could interpret the '00'
as 1900 and you would then be charged with 99 years of late fees (Moffitt & Sandler 48).
If the year 2000 problem isn't solved, there could be no air traffic, traffic lights, no
lights in your company, companies could not produce goods, no goods delivered to the
stores, stores could not send you bills, you could not send bills to anyone else.
Business [could] come to a halt (de Jager 1).
The costs of fixing Y2K are staggering. The Gartner Group estimates that costs per line
of code to be between $1.50 and $2.00 (Conner 1). It is not uncommon for a single company
to have 100,000,000 lines of code (de Jager 6). Capers Jones, an expert who has studied
software costs for over ten years, estimates total worldwide costs to be
$1,635,000,000,000 (One-trillion, 635 billion dollars) (Jones 58). To put this number
into perspective, if five people were to spend $100 for every second of every day, 24
hours a day, 365 days a year, it would take them about 100 years to finish the task!
The year 2000 problem is not only limited to what happens with computers between December
31, 1999 and January 1, 2000. There are several other important dates that are a factor.
Last October was considered the last point where a large company could start fixing the
problem with any hopes to finish before the deadline (DBA 1). Also, all fixes should be
done by January 1, 1999. There are two major reasons for having the fixes done a year
early. The first is that there are many special dates during 1999 that mean special
things. For example, September 9, 1999 (09/09/99) has been commonly used as the
expiration date for references and data that have no expiration date (Reid 6). The
computer required that a date must be entered in, and in many cases, 9/9/99 was it. Also,
it has been established that an entire year's cycle of events should be used to test all
of the modifications that have been made to a system. Also, one should be sure to test to
see which day of the week is 01/01/00. January 1, 1900 was a Monday, but January 1, 2000
will be a Saturday. Other possible failure dates: 1/10/2000 (1st 9 character date),
2/29/2000 (Leap day- the year 2000 is a leap year), 10/10/2000 (1st 10 character date),
and 12-31-2000 (Day 366 of the year 2000) (Martin 15) (GTE Appendix A).
With the millennium bug coming closer and closer to destroying the crops of the world's
information every day, experts from around the globe have discovered several ways to deal
with or exterminate this menace. Five major solutions to the problem will now be
discussed.
The most straightforward approach to solving Y2K is to simply change the 2-digit date
fields to 4-digit ones. This is considered to be the only complete solution to the
problem, giving businesses a seemingly endless range of dates for the future. This
approach also can make it much easier for the company to reformat the display screens
with a hard-coded format present (IBM 5.2).
Unfortunately, expanding the date field from 2 to 4 digits has several downsides to it.
The most obvious one is that in order to convert the dates, every program and database
that references to date data will have to be modified. These modifications are mostly
manual labor- not an automatic process. Also, this requires display screens to be
reformatted manually, as well as increasing record lengths in databases (IBM 5.2).
Another common method for swatting the millennium bug involves what is termed date logic,
or windowing techniques. This procedure involves having a separate program to determine
which millennium certain dates are in. For example, the program could determine that if
the year ends in numbers between 00 and 20, the date is in the second millennium. If the
year ends in 21 to 99, the date is in the first millennium. This technique avoids some of
the massive changes and coordination associated with the expansion approach (Martin 5).
Date logic routines also have some downsides to them. The most important one is that the
time window can never be more than 100 years, and the length of the time window cannot
change in the future. Also, system performance may slow down with this extra step for
each date to be processed. On top of that, all of the assumptions and logic must be the
same for all of the programs that will use it (IBM 5.7). If and only if all three of
these downsides to windowing techniques are able to be overcome, should a business
consider this solution.
Another way of getting around 2-digit dates involves a bridge program. This type of
solution is used to convert data from one record format to another. This allows a system
to convert 2-digit to 4-digit dates as they are needed. This also allows a business to
have very little down time for year 2000 renovations. Instead of converting all of the
data at one time, it is instead converted gradually. Also, this technique is very cost
effective and fairly easy to do (Moffitt & Sandler 5.8). Be aware that a bridge program
has the potential to ruin a computer system. By removing the bridge before all data has
been converted, 2-digit dates may become mixed with 4-digit dates, creating a larger
problem than in the beginning.
Replacing the systems is probably the most straightforward method of solving Y2K. By
simply discarding old, non-compliant systems and purchasing new systems that are year
2000 ready, a business can eliminate the year 2000 problem altogether (Martin 6). This
avoids the hassle of coming up with solutions to the problem, but presents the
difficulties of starting from scratch. This solution should be considered if a company's
systems are too costly to fix, or if there are not very many systems that need to be
fixed. Another idea that incorporates the replacement idea is for one company to merge
with or buy another company that has Y2K compliant systems. Then, the old systems can be
retired (Martin 6).
The last alternative that will be discussed is to do nothing to current computer systems
that a business may use. This is not the same as ignoring the millennium bug and hoping
that it will go away. Instead, it involves analyzing exactly what will happen to a
company's computer systems and determining that the effect it will have is either none or
very little (Martin 6). If this would be the case, and employees could work around any
damages that may be caused, this selection could work.
Carrying out a solution in any business involves careful planning in order to be
successful. Each of the four steps- awareness, planning, implementation, and testing- are
crucial for a company to successfully get beyond the year 2000.
Though the shortest step, the awareness step can be considered to be the most important
step. This involves a detailed description of the problem to CEO's and the other decision
makers for the company. Also, the management must be informed of the impact that is
likely to occur if Y2K is not solved. Without successfully informing the company
executives of the millennium bug, there is no hope of getting funding appropriated and
fixes underway (Conner 2).
The preparation and planning phase involves finding all applications that use dates and
choosing the right combination of solutions to result in a successful endeavor. Also, a
business must consider any dependencies on outside systems- other companies, for example.
In addition to this, a priority schedule should be created, to determine which systems
are absolutely necessary to the operation of the business, and to fix them in accordance
to their importance (Conner 2). A standard date interface should be agreed upon both
within the company and with all other companies which are relied on. Also, the first
estimate of how costly and how prolonged the fixes should be done (Conner 2).
The implementation phase is probably the most tedious phase of year 2000 compliance. This
involves taking proposed solutions and incorporating them into a business' computer
systems. Depending on which solutions are chosen, and how the solutions affect everyday
business, a company's commerce could be crippled due to the need for various systems to
be down at all times (Moffitt & Sandler 66).
Testing the solutions may be seen as an unimportant phase in the conversion process. The
rewards seem few, and the costs of are high. However, testing solutions is the only way
to ensure that a business will flow smoothly into the 21st century. This procedure
involves making sample databases and records to verify that the fixes were made
correctly, and that all systems work correctly. During this phase, a few glitches will
most likely be found, and correcting these will be relatively easy. There are two common
approaches to testing the solutions. The first involves making sure the systems work
correctly in the 20th century, testing the computers for the 21st century, and then
putting the systems back into everyday use. An advantage of this method is that all of
the tests are done at the same times, allowing quicker feedback. The downside is that the
amount of down time will be fairly high. The other approach is the same as the first,
except switching the second and third items. The systems are first put back into
production, and then they are tested for year 2000 compliance while they are ensuring the
flow of business at the same time. The advantage of this method is that down time is much
shorter. However, getting results will take a longer time (Pollner 2-3). 
As the year 2000 comes closer and closer, companies are losing precious time in order to
swat the millennium bug. The deadline is fixed. The price of survival is high and the
only reward is the hope of continuing to operate in the worlds of commerce and industry.
Businesses that continue into the next millennium will enjoy the happiness of existence.
Companies that fail to act now will probably crumble under their own weight. The
alternative to addressing the year 2000 will be going out of business (Moffitt & Sandler
3).
Bibliography
Martin, Robert A. Dealing with Dates: Solutions for the Year 2000. [Online] Available
October 1997 
Widder, Pat. Scramble to catch year 2000 bug is on. [Online] Available November 20, 1997

Moffitt, John & Sandler, Robert J. The year 2000 FAQ. [Online] Available January 14, 1997

de Jager, Peter. You've got to be kidding! [Online] Available January 10, 1997 
Conner, Jim. Businesses should get a jump on solving Year 2000 problem. [Online]
Available December 8, 1997 
GTE Government Systems Corporation. GTE Proposed Criteria for Century Compliance.
[Online] Available December 20, 1996 
Reid, Warren S. & Brower, Stephen. Beyond Awareness: Ten management and ten legal
pitfalls regarding the Year 2000 computer problem that you may have not considered, yet!
[Online] Available March 17, 1997 
Jones, Capers. The Global Economic Impact of the Year 2000 Software Problem. [Online]
Available in Adobe Acrobat Format 
IBM. The Year 2000 & 2-digit dates: a guide for planning and implementation. [Online]
Available September, 1997 
Pollner, Andrew. Testing Year 2000 conversions. [Online] Available January 1998