FREE ESSAY ON VICTORIAN ERA

VICTORIAN ERA

Characteristics During the Victorian Era
When imagining the Victorian Age, royalty, fancy lifestyles, and elaborate living often
come to mind. However, during this same era, other lifestyles and conditions of a
completely different nature were occurring. Many of the English people lived in poverty.
Charles Dickens, one of the great writers of this period, described how it was to live
during the Victorian Era. Although England grew from an agricultural to an industrial
society, not all citizens benefited from this change. In addition, the undesirable health
and medical environment plagued both the wealthy and the poor. 
Charles Dickens was a profound British writer who composed novels, short stories,
dramatic works, poetry, and essays ("Charles Dickens" 1). He was born on February 7, 1812
in Portsmouth England where he was the second of eight children (Perdue 1). His father
John was a minor government official as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office: he was then
transferred to Somerset House in London. The family moved to Chatham in the Medway
Valley, where Charles experienced the most glorious part of his childhood (Perdue 1).
After moving back to London, John Dickens had a tendency to live beyond his needs,
spending all the money he earned, and was sent to Marshalsea debtor's prison in 1824
("Charles (John Huffam) Dickens" 2). Starting at an early age, Dickens was taught at home
by his mother Elizabeth, and later attended a Dame school in Chatham. Even though he had
received a decent education, he felt very unsuccessful since his sister Frances was
winning awards studying at The Royal Academy of Music, while he was still a mere boy
("Charles (John Huffam) Dickens" 2). According to David Perdue, Charles was removed from
school and sent to work at a boot-blacking factory earning six shillings a week to help
support the family. Charles considered this the worst time in his life, which would later
influence much of his writings. In a fragmentary autobiography Dickens wrote:
"It is wonderful to me how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age....My
father and mother were quite satisfied....My whole nature was so penetrated with grief
and humiliation of such considerations, that even now, famous and caressed and happy, I
often forget in my dreams that I have a dear wife and children; even that I am a man; and
wander desolately back to that time of my life. (Perdue 1)
Feeling hurt from his childhood, Charles still remembers how he was treated as a child,
tending to forget and neglect the present.
Charles Dickens first love was Maria Beadnell. Their love for each other failed deeply
from what he thought was their difference in social classes. This rejection scarred
Dickens, causing him to burn his works and anything else that reminded him of Maria.
("Charles Dickens" 1). Dickens creates characters and events that connect people and
places from his lifetime into his literary works. For example, he depicts Maria as the
cold hearted Miss Havisham in Great Expectations, who burns to death in compensation for
her cold heart. 
Roughly two years later, he met Catherine Hogarth the daughter of newspaper editor George
Hogarth. In 1836 they are married and had ten children; their marriage ended in 1858
(Perdue 1). Within two years, he was involved with Ellen Turnan, an actress he met while
interested in theatre. Ellen was 27 years younger then Dickens, which represents the
"happy, later life couple" Joe and Biddy, from Great Expectations ("Charles (John Huffam)
Dickens" 2). This relationship was kept a secret until Dickens' daughter revealed it
after his death ("Charles Dickens" 2).
Many experiences in an author's life usually impact upon their style of writing. As a
child, Dickens read many 18th century novels and gothic tales, which helped to shape much
his own works ("Great Expectations" 1). Furthermore, his writings came in three contained
periods. The first of which was his early period, that included the works Sketches,
Pickwick and Oliver Twist. Dickens became more and more concerned with greed in what is
considered his middle period, with writings such as A Christmas Carol, depicting
characters such as Ebenezer Scrooge. His late period started with the powerfully negative
Bleak house, which portrayed a society in decay and the lifestyles that revolved around
it ("Charles (John Huffam) Dickens" 3). The Mystery of Edwin Drood was the last novel
Dickens started to write, left unfinished at his death. He died on June 18, 1870 of a
paralytic stroke in Gads Hill, Kent England. The public was greatly saddened by his death
and his tombstone read: "He was a sympathizer with the poor, the suffering, and the
oppressed, and by his death, one of England's greatest poets is lost to the world"
(Perdue 1).
Struggling to survive during the time period of Dickens' writing, health and medicine
were at the worst in most areas of England, but had the potential for improving. Rural
people usually lived longer then city dwellers: the upper classes were healthier and
lived longer then the lower working classes. This was due to the different living
conditions that each class had faced (Mitchell 83). Since medicine was not available for
everyone, numerous diseases spread throughout the crowded towns, infesting and killing
many. Most citizens relied on traditional remedies and cures like herbal medicine,
homemade prescriptions, and health advice that had been passed through families and
elderly women. There were many generalities made as to why certain people would get ill,
or how to keep him or herself from getting sick. Some said that members of the upper
class could not digest all the coarse foods that the working people ate. (Mitchell 84).
It was also known that men and women were too old to work at the age of forty due to poor
nutrition, working too hard for too long, and physical stress they had put on themselves.
There were some theories on how to promote better health, mostly for the upper class.
They were told to clean their drains and live in a house on high ground so the bad city
air would stay away from them. It was said that if you seal up your house and kept it
closed, that the bad air would stay out...but in reality, it actually spread the bacteria
that was already inside (Mitchell 85). 
Medical practitioners became increasingly professionalized during this time. (Stevenson).
People could practice and prescribe medicine without having any professional
qualifications. Apothecaries sold drugs, gave prescriptions and practiced medicine;
surgeons set bones, pulled teeth, and treated numerous wounds (Mitchell 85). Medical
schooling was not very widespread, so the way people learned was from someone already in
the field. Apothecaries went through a five-year apprenticeship, which included six
months of hospital work. Only men were doctors, and were allowed to have a "paying pupil"
who would read his books, watch him work, and assist him in what needed to be done. The
Medical Act of 1858 prevented women from becoming licensed, requiring that medical
qualifications be earned in the United Kingdom. By the end of the century many women had
conquered the feat of medical school and made their way into the profession (Mitchell
86).
Sally Mitchell stated, "The most significant Victorian Medical achievement lay not in
individual treatments or the discovery of cures, but through legislating effective
measures for public health." It was very evident that urban people were sickly, and as a
consequence of some investigations, the Public Health Act of 1848 created agencies that
began many new programs to improve living conditions (Stevenson). Sewers were built, pure
water was supplied, the tax on soap was abolished, standards of purity were applied to
food products, and school health examinations began. Diseases that contaminated food and
people such as Cholera and diarrhea, slowly diminished. (Stevenson). Although public
health investigations were not completely finished by the end of the century, people were
living longer and were in better physical condition then ever before (Mitchell 93).
Food, money, and conditions were poor for the farmers during the 1800's in Victorian
England. Small farmers were barely making a living from the few acres of land they
farmed. Working all day, they did not partake in many other activities such as running
local affairs since they had no interest (Reader 99). W. J. Reader explains that farmers
who owned their own land had decent food, adequate housing, and simple entertainment, but
their lack of education made them unqualified to be social or political leaders. The
attitude toward education and schooling was very negative, which did not help in the
family life. Most farmers and laborers were illiterate because until the Act of 1870 made
provision for children to go to school if there was one within reach, it was a matter of
chance whether a country child could get to school or not. After this, many squires
demanded that schools were built, often at their own expense (Stevenson). Taking care of
the house, husband, and children, women played no other major roles, simply because it
was not their purpose in life. Eventually people tried to escape the life of laboring or
farming, many of which resided to enlistment, emigration, or becoming a servant (Reader
102).
A major change that was taking place in the late 18th century was the transition from
agriculture to industry. The textile revolution was the work of a wholly new order of
men, raised from the ranks by their energy in seizing the opportunities of the new
industrial revolution (Trevelyan 104). Before the Factory Acts came into play, the
working conditions for women and children were truly horrific. They would work 12-15 hour
days in unsanitary conditions receiving extremely low pay. George Macaulay Trevelyan
quoted that "In his 1854 novel Hard Times, a satire of industrial society and
utilitarianism, Charles Dickens creates the fictitious but recognizable Coketown, notable
for its grim ugliness and the inhumane conditions its inhabitants endure."
The Victorian Era was definitely a time of growth and development, helping people and
times progress into a better condition. Dickens himself brought about many
characteristics during the time, having experienced first hand, both rich and poor
lifestyles. Even though no major breakthroughs in medicine, or change in working
environments were extremely prevalent, the transformation that did occur facilitated
growth and prosperity of England.
Bibliography
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1996.
"Charles Dickens." Exploring Novels. CD-ROM. Vers. 1.0. Detroit: Gale, 1998.
"Great Expectations." Exploring Novels. CD-ROM. Vers. 1.0. Detroit: Gale, 1998.
Perdue, David. David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page. 13 Jan 1999. 02 Oct 2000.
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Mitchell, Sally. Victorian England. Ed. Swisher, Clarice. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2000.
Reader, W.J. Victorian England. Ed. Swisher, Clarice. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2000.
Stevenson, Louise L. The Victorian Homefront. New York: Twayne, 1991.
Trevelyan, George Macaulay. Victorian England. Ed. Swisher, Clarice. San Diego:
Greenhaven, 2000.