FREE ESSAY ON UTILITY: AN IMPARTIAL AND EQUITABLE STANDPOINT

UTILITY: AN IMPARTIAL AND EQUITABLE STANDPOINT

Utility: An Impartial and Equitable Standpoint
Mackey- Philosophy 318
Section Wednesday 12:00- 1:00
Tu Phan
Phliosophy 318- Mackey
The foundation of Utility is based on John Stuart Mill's notion that one must strive to
act in such a way to produce the greatest good of the greatest number. Utility itself
relies on the responsibility of the individual to remain impartial in his endeavor to
produce the greatest good, looking past such extrinsic influences that may render the
individual to seek a biased sense of satisfaction. In order for Utility to function as
Mill wanted it to, honest judgment and objectivity must be an essential part of one's
drive for the acquisition of the greatest good.
In order for the insistence that equity and impartiality to hold true to Mill's Utility,
we must find a foundation from within his argumentation that will support it. Thus we
turn to Mill's sanctions, or incentives that he proposes to drive one towards the path of
Utility. Mill's first sanction, the internal sanction, leads one to act ethically because
of the fear of displeasure that might arise from other people if one does not act in this
manner. Mill justifies that individuals desire the warmness of others as an incentive to
acting unselfishly in the attempt to acquire the greatest good, and fear the
dissatisfaction of others. Mill's second sanction, the internal sanction, is in essence
an individual's inner conscience. With the assumption that the conscience is pure and
free from corruption, Mill implies that satisfaction is brought forth to the conscience
when one successfully and ethically commits to one's duties, the duty of Utility. What is
undesired is the feeling of dissatisfaction that spawns when one does not act dutifully.
In order for this rationale to make sense, one must do what is almost unavoidable when
propositioning such an enormous concept such as the ethical standard of morality, and
that is to presuppose, In almost all forms and interpretations of morality, there has
been the presupposition that takes place to initialize the concept. Mill's Utilitarianism
presupposes that human beings do have a concept for general well being, and that is
genuinely by nature good and willfully ethical. It is this generalization that spawns for
these sanctions that he has addressed, and it is the role of the good nature of man that
determines the worth of his actions. This is also the pivot in Mill's mechanics that is
probably most argued upon. Kant, Neibhor, and Plato would have had much to say on Mill's
assumption of the natural goodness of mankind and his given instinct to do good. If
impartiality and equity are what good will and duty bring forth, Mill has provided a
basis within utilitarianism that reinforces this.
Aside from distinct sanctions, many other aspects of Utility lead to the notion that
impartiality and equity are set boldly within the framework of Mill's interpretation.
According to Mill, all people are, ethically speaking, equal in all situations. When
considering the value of happiness from one individual to another, the issue is proposed
to be a straight line representing the equality the value from individual to individual.
One person's happiness is just as important as another's. With this in mind, there is no
such reason to even consider a biased view on the distribution of happiness, for in the
beholder's eyes, it is nothing but equal. Utility also states that the greater number
that acquires happiness is most desired, so there is no real reason to consider any other
way to distribute it but evenly. A biased approach would prove inefficient, and with the
concept in mind that Mill is only concerned with the results of ones actions, not the
intention, it would only make sense to be impartial. 
How is impartiality and equity in utility possible? First and foremost, are no ethical
principles that are agreed on by everyone, but there is a distinct level of agreement as
to what is right and what is wrong. Among the obvious are the notions that generosity,
equality, and truthfulness are right, and this supports the presupposition that Mill
makes about the good -nature of human morality. Thus impartiality and equity can be
argued to pervade Utility. Second, the person who seeks to distribute happiness to only a
certain group or type of people does not act in accord with the guidelines of Utility,
which states the importance of one person's happiness being just as important as
another's. This shows that Utility has no choice but to remain impartial and equal.
Third, when one takes into consideration of being on the receiving end of the
distribution of happiness, it would only make sense that he consider himself every bit
entitled to the chunk that others are getting, which ties in with Mill's extrinsic and
internal sanctions. This shows that utility is desired to be impartial and equal.
At the beginning of Utility, Mill states that, "…The intuitive, no less than what
maybe termed the inductive, school of ethics insists on the necessity of general laws.".
In accordance with this, the insistence that impartiality and equity lie within Utility
relies on the framework of Utility itself, and the ability to remain consistent with the
guidelines put forth by Mill. The laws of Utility base themselves on the equality of
individuals and their rights to happiness. By maintaining a discipline that remains
consistent with Mill's laws, Utility remains consistent in dispersing happiness that is
free of bias and partiality. 
Bibliography 
1.) Mill, John Stuart; Utilitarianism, Hackett Publishing Company, 1979