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THE HOLOCAUST

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The Holocaust 
Of all the examples of injustice against humanity in history, the Jewish Holocaust has to
be one of the most prominent. In the period of 1933 to 1945, the Nazis waged a vicious
war against Jews and other lesser races. This war came to a head with the Final Solution
in 1938. One of the end results of the Final Solution was the horrible concentration and
death camps of Germany, Poland, and other parts of Nazi-controlled Europe. In the
aftermath of the Holocaust, people around the world were shocked by final tallies of
human losses, and the people responsible were punished for their inhuman acts. The
Holocaust was a dark time in the history of the 20th century. 
One can trace the beginnings of the Holocaust as far back as 1933, when the Nazi party of
Germany, lead by Adolf Hitler, came to power. Hitler's anti-Jew campaign began soon
afterward, with the Nuremberg Laws, which defined the meaning of being Jewish based on
ancestry. These laws also forced segregation between Jews and the rest of the public. It
was only a dim indication of what the future held for European Jews. 
Anti-Jewish aggression continued for years after the passing of the Nuremberg Laws. One
of these was the Aryanization of Jewish property and business. Jews were progressively
forced out of the economy of Germany, their assets turned over to the government and the
German public. 
Other forms of degradation were pogroms, or organized demonstrations against Jews. The
first, and most infamous, of these pogroms was Krystallnacht, or The night of broken
glass. This pogrom was prompted by the assassination of Ernst von Rath, a German
diplomat, by Herschel Grymozpan in Paris on November 7th, 1938. Two days later, an act of
retaliation was organized by Joseph Gobbels to attack Jews in Germany. On the nights of
November 9th and 10th, over 7,000 Jewish businesses were destroyed, 175 synagogues
demolished, nearly 100 Jews had been killed, and thousands more had been injured, all for
the assassination of one official by a Jew (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 96). In
many ways, this was the first major act of violence to Jews made by the Nazis. Their
intentions were now clear. 
The Nazi's plans for the Jews of Europe were outlined in the Final Solution to the Jewish
question in 1938. In a meeting of some of Hitler's top officials, the idea of the
complete annihilation of Jews in Europe was hatched. By the time the meeting was over,
the Final Solution had been created. The plans included in the Final Solution included
the deportation, exploitation, and eventual extermination of European Jews. 
In September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland. Most, if not all Jews in
German-occupied lands were rounded up and taken to ghettos or concentration camps. The
ghettos were located inside cities, and were a sort of city/prison to segregate Jews from
the rest of the public. Conditions in the ghettos included overcrowding, lack of food,
and lack of sanitation, as well as brutality by Nazi guards. Quality of life in a ghetto
was probably not much above that in a concentration camp. 
In June 1941, Germany continued it's invasion of Europe by attacking and capturing some
of the western U.S.S.R. By this time, most of the Jews in Europe now lived in lands
controlled by Nazi Germany. The SS deployed 3000 death squads, or Einstagruppen, to
dispatch Jews in large numbers (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 1996). In September
1941, all Jews were forced to wear yellow Stars of David on their arms or coats. A Jew
could be killed with little repercussions for not displaying the Star of David in public.

Some of the first Jewish resistance to the Final Solution came in 1943, when the process
of deportation to concentration and death camps was in full swing. The Warsaw ghetto in
Poland, once numbering over 365,000, had been reduced to only 65,000 by the continuing
removal of Jews to camps in other lands (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 1996). When
the Nazis came to round up the remaining inhabitants of the ghetto, they were met with
resistance from the small force of armed Jews. The revolt lasted for almost three weeks
before being subdued. 
Between the years of 1941 to 1945, the main destination for Jews to be transported was a
concentration camp or death camp somewhere in Poland or Germany. In these camps, innocent
Jews, along with Gypsies, Slavs, Jehova's Witnesses, Communists, and P.O.W.s, were
brutally beaten and abused, fed meager rations of poor food, worked to death, or simply
shot. The first of these camps were established in the mid 1930s and were originally
designed for prisoners. But, numbers of concentration and death camps grew steadily for
years until nearing the end of the World War II. 
Quality of life in a concentration camp was substandard, to say the absolute least. Jews
and other deportees were transported via railroad boxcars similar to those used for
cattle. Some of these cars were so crowded that people actually died standing up, there
being no place for them to fall. Once at the camps, the prisoners were unloaded and
stripped of everything of value. Clothing, jewelry, eyeglasses, shoes, and even gold
teeth were confiscated from the arriving captives. After unloading, the people were
separated into two groups. One of these groups would be lead to firing squads or, in some
camps, gas chambers, to be dispatched as soon as possible. These people were usually
women, children, and the elderly. The second group would be lead to the barracks or used
for slave labor. This group was usually comprised of able-bodied men. The prisoners were
given little food and forced to live and sleep in filthy, overcrowded bunks where disease
ran rampant. Thousands of prisoners in concentration camps died simply of exposure,
starvation, or disease. 
As the war progressed, more and more concentration camps were transformed into
extermination or death camps, some of which were equipped with gas vans or gas chambers
and crematoria for quick and easy extermination and disposal of the bodies of the
captives. Some of these camps also had facilities for scientific research, where men like
Josef Mengle, also known as The Angel of Death, preformed barbaric medical experiments on
twins, dwarves, and other genetically different subjects in hopes of advancing and
breeding the so-called Aryan race of perfect Germans for Hitler. 
Some of the most notorious of the death camps were located in Poland. Some of these
include Auschwitz (1 million Jews killed), Treblinka (700,000-800,000 Jews gassed),
Belzec (600,000 Jews gassed), and Sobibor (250,000 Jews gassed). These camps were the
major centers for the slaughter of Jews and other groups (The Holocaust: An Historical
Summary. Article on the Internet). 
In 1945, the great World War in Europe came to an end, with the Axis powers surrendering
before the Allied invasion of Europe. When the concentration camps were liberated and the
body counts tallied, the resulting numbers appalled people the world over. Millions of
people lay dead, and dozens of top Nazis faced punishment for unspeakable war crimes. 
When the allied powers liberated the concentration camps in Germany, Poland, and other
areas of Europe, what they found there was beyond belief. Piles of bodies lay rotting in
pits and sheds. The gaunt, sickly prisoners wandered about, barely alive after the ordeal
they had faced. Some of the camps had few prisoners remaining, the majority of the others
led on a final death march to Germany (Concentration Camps. Compton's Interactive
Encyclopedia 1996). Those who remained at the camps were rescued and taken to hospitals
or to shelters to recuperate from their terrifying experience at the hands of the Nazis.

All told, the toll that the Holocaust took on the people of Europe, especially Jews, was
staggering. By the time it was all over, an estimated 12 million people lay dead, nearly
6 million of which were Jews (Jewish Holocaust. Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia 1996).
It is believed that 3 million of these Jews died in concentration and death camps, such
as Auschwitz, alone (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 1996). An additional 1.5 million
died by the bullets of the mobile death squads, and over 600,000 died in the ghettos of
the cities (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 1996). 
I find it incredible that such a loss of human life could have occurred in a period of
just 12 years. 
For the vicious atrocities carried out by some of the top men in Hitler's Nazi regime,
dozens were killed or imprisoned. In the trials at Nuremberg, Germany in 1946-47, a
multinational allied commission called 22 of Hitler's highest ranking Nazis. The end
result of these trials were eleven men being sentenced to hang, one of which committed
suicide in his cell, seven men were imprisoned for life, and only three were acquitted of
the crimes they were accused with. Other trials were held in subsequent years that
successfully convicted hundreds of Nazis for atrocities carried out in wartime. 
The Holocaust is one of the most famous events in modern history. The senseless slaughter
of millions upon millions of innocent people at the hands of Nazi butchers was incited
when a man by the name of Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. The Nazis wrought terrible
death and destruction on Europe in the following years, beginning with Aryanization and
ending with the Final Solution in a maniacal plot to exterminate and purify the human
race. The Holocaust should be remembered by all as a dark point in modern history.