FREE ESSAY ON LEONARDO

LEONARDO

Leonardo Da Vinci 2000-07-02 
Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has
produced. His
contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most
important that a single
man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April
15, 1452, is credited
with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He
was born an
illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a
public notary for the
city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in
the small village of
Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a
poor woman,
with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo's talents. Upon the
realization of Leonardo's
potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did).
This was the start of
the boy's education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a
Renaissance child because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being
handsome,
strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to
detach himself
from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as
botany,
geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo).
At the age of
17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del
Verrocchio, the
leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio's workshop Leonardo was
introduced to
many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of
large sculptural
projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painter's guild of
Florence, and worked
there for about six years. While there, Leonardo often painted portions of Verrocchio's
paintings for him,
such as the background and the kneeling angel on the left in the Baptism of Christ
(Encarta). Leonardo's
sections of the painting have soft shadings, with shadows concealing the edges. These
areas are
distinguished easily against the sharply defined figures and objects of Verrocchio, that
reflect the style
called Early Renaissance. Leonardo's more graceful approach marked the beginning of the
High
Renaissance. However, this style did not become more popular in Italy for another 25 year
(Gilbert 46).
Leonardo actually started the popularization of this style. For this reason Leonardo
could be called the
Father of the High Renaissance. Leonardo's leading skills emerged through his paintings
and his
techniques. Leonardo's talents soon drew him away from the Guild and in 1472 Leonardo
finished his
first complete painting, Annunciation. In 1478 Leonardo reached the title of an
Independent Master. His
first large painting, The Adoration of the Magi (begun in 1481), which was left
unfinished, was ordered in
1481 for the Monastery of San Donato a Scopeto, Florence. Other works ascribed to his
youth are the
Benois Madonna (1478), the portrait Ginevra de' Benci (1474), and the unfinished Saint
Jerome (1481).
Leonardo expanded his skills to other branches of interest and in 1481 Leonardo wrote an
astonishing
letter to the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. In this letter he stated that he knew how
to build portable
bridges; that he knew the techniques of constructing bombardments and of making cannons;
that he
could build ships as well as armored vehicles, catapults, and other war machines; and
that he could
execute sculpture in marble, bronze, and clay. Thus, he entered the service of the Duke
in 1482, working
on Ludovico's castle, organizing festivals, and he became recognized as an expert in
military
engineering and arms. Under the Duke, Leonardo served many positions. He served as
principal
engineer in the Duke's numerous military enterprises and was active as an architect
(Encarta). As a
military engineer Leonardo designed artillery and planned the diversion of rivers. He
also improved many
inventions that were already in use such as the rope ladder. Leonardo also drew pictures
of an armored
tank hundreds of years ahead of its time. His concept failed because the tank was too
heavy to be
mobile and the hand cranks he designed were not strong enough to support such a vehicle.
As a civil
engineer, he designed revolving stages for pageants. As a sculptor he planned a huge
monument of the
Duke's father mounted up on a leaping horse. The Horse, as it was known, was the
culmination of 16
years of work. Leonardo was fascinated by horses and drew them constantly. In The Horse,
Leonardo
experimented with the horses' forelegs and measurements. The severe plagues in 1484 and
1485 drew
his attention to town planning, and his drawings and plans for domed churches reflect his
concern with
architectural problems (Bookshelf). In addition he also assisted the Italian
mathematician Luca Pacioli in
the work Divina Proportione (1509). While in Milan Leonardo kept up his own work and
studies with the
possible help of apprentices and pupils, for whom he probably wrote the various texts
later compiled as
Treatise on Painting (1651). The most important painting of those created in the early
Milan age was The
Virgin of the Rocks. Leonardo worked on this piece for an extended period of time,
seemingly unwilling to
finish what he had begun (Encarta). It is his earliest major painting that survives in
complete form. From
1495 to 1497 Leonardo labored on his masterpiece, The Last Supper, a mural in the
refectory of the
Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. While painting The Last Supper, Leonardo
rejected the
fresco technique normally used for wall paintings. An artist that uses this fresco method
must work
quickly. Leonardo wanted to work slowly, revising his work, and use shadows-which would
have been
impossible in using fresco painting. He invented a new technique that involved coating
the wall with a
compound that he had created. This compound, which was supposed to protect the paint and
hold it in
place did not work, and soon after its completion the paint began to flake away. For this
reason The Last
Supper still exists, but in poor condition (Gilbert 46). Leonardo had at many times
merged his inventive
and creative capabilities to enhance life and improve his works. Although his experiments
with plastering
and painting failed, they showed his dissatisfaction with an accepted means and his
creativity and
courage to experiment with a new and untried idea. Experimentation with traditional
techniques is
evident in his drawings as well. During Leonardo's 18 year stay in Milan he also produced
other paintings
and drawings, but most have been lost. He created stage designs for theater,
architectural drawings, and
models for the dome of Milan Cathedral. Leonardo also began to produce scientific
drawings, especially
of the human body. He studied anatomy by dissecting human corpses and the bodies of
animals.
Leonardo's drawings did not only clarify the appearance of bones, tendons, and other body
parts but their
function in addition. These drawings are considered to be the first accurate
representations of human
anatomy. Leonardo is also credited with the first use of the cross section, a popular
technique for
diagramming the human body. Leonardo wrote, The painter who has acquired a knowledge of
the nature
of the sinews, muscles, and tendons will know exactly in the movement of any limb how
many and which
of the sinews are the cause of it, and which muscle by its swelling is the cause of this
sinew's
contracting (Wallace 131). In December, 1499, the Sforza family was driven out of Milan
by French
forces and Leonardo was forced to leave Milan and his unfinished statue of Ludovico
Sforza's father,
which was destroyed by French archers that used it for target practice. Leonardo then
returned to
Florence in 1500 (Bookshelf). When Leonardo returned to Florence the citizens welcomed
him with open
arms because of the fame he acquired while in Milan. The work he did there strongly
influenced other
artists such as Sandro Botticelli and Piero di Cosimo. The work he was to produce would
influence other
masters such as Michelangelo and Raphael. In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare
Borgia,
Duke of Romagna and son and Chief General of Pope Alexander VI. For this post he
supervised work on
the fortress of the papal territories in central Italy. In 1503 he was a member of a
commission of artists to
decide on the proper location for the David by Michelangelo (Encarta). Towards the end of
the year
Leonardo began to design a decoration for the Great Hall of the Palazzo Vecchio. Leonardo
chose the
Battle of Anghiari as the subject of the mural, a victory for Florence in a war against
Pisa. He made
many drawings and sketches of a cavalry battle, with tense soldiers, leaping horses and
clouds of dust.
In painting The Battle of Anghiari Leonardo again rejected fresco and tried an
experimental technique
called encaustic. Once again the experiment was unsuccessful. Leonardo went on a trip and
left the
painting unfinished. When he returned he found that the paint had run and he never
finished the painting.
The paintings general appearance is known from Leonardo's sketches and other artists'
copies of it
(Creighton 45). During the period of time that Leonardo spent painting the Palazzo
Vecchio he also
painted several other works, including the most famous portrait ever, the Mona Lisa. The
Mona Lisa, also
known as La Gioconda, (after the presumed name of the model's husband) became famous
because of
the unique expression on Lisa del Gioconda's face. She appears to have just started to or
finished
smiling. This painting was one of Leonardo's favorites and he carried it with him on all
of his subsequent
travels (Clark 133). In 1506, Leonardo returned to Milan to finished up some of his
projects that he had to
abandon during his hasty departure. He stayed there until 1516 when he moved to Cloux,
France, where
he stayed with his pupil Melzi. While in Milan he was named Court Painter to King Louis
XII of France,
who was then residing in Milan. For the next six years he traveled from Milan to Florence
repeatedly to
look after his inheritance. In 1514 he traveled to Rome under the patronage of Pope Leo
X. During this
time Leonardo's energy was focused mainly on his scientific experiments. He then moved to
France to
serve King Francis I. It is here in Chateau de Cloux that he died on May 2,1519 (Wallace
127). Leonardo
constantly reworked his drawings, studies and mechanical theories. His observations of
the motion of
water are amazingly accurate. In Leonardo's Studies of Water Formation, the flow patterns
observed are
swirling around , then below as it forms a pool. Using modern slow motion cameras'
scientists now study
the same effects that Leonardo wrote about and observed with his naked eye (Encarta).
Another study of
water and wind is his Apocalyptic Visions. This is a collected study of hurricanes and
storms. In these
highly detailed drawings the pen lines so carefully marked explode into action similar to
the storms
themselves. Leonardo's mathematical drawings are also highly skilled. In a math formula
Leonardo
proved the theory of perpetual motion false but it still intrigued him. Among his vast
notes were small
ideas for a perpetual motion machine. His ideas for completing this task involved an
unbalanced wheel
that would revolve forever, conserving its energy. However these machines were never
constructed.
Another mathematical drawing was the Polyhedron. This three dimensional figure
represented
proportions to him not only in numbers and measurements but also in sounds, weights,
positions and in
whatsoever power there may be (Wallace 59). The notebooks of Leonardo contain sketches
and plans
for inventions that came into existence almost five-hundred years after the Renaissance.
Leonardo
practiced a technique of writing backwards. It has been postulated that he did this,
being left-handed, so
that he wouldn't smear the ink by his left hand running across newly-written words.
Moreover, the
individual words are spelled backwards. In order to read the Notebooks one must hold the
pages up to a
mirror and it is believed by some that Leonardo did this to keep his writing and theories
secret. In any
event, contained in the Notebooks are plans and drawings for what we recognize today as
the first
working propeller, a submarine, a helicopter, a tank, parachutes, the cannon, perpetual
motion machines,
and the rope ladder. There are perfectly executed drawings of the human body, from the
proportions of
the full figure to dissections in the most minute detail. It was observed, however, that
Leonardo's interest
in the human body and his ability to invent mechanical things were actually not as
paramount to him as
was his fascination and awe of the natural world (Clark 133). Leonardo lived to be 67
years old. He is not
known to have ever married or had children. In fact, it was said of him that he only saw
women as
reproductive mechanisms (Clark 134). If there is one quality that characterizes the life
of Leonardo da
Vinci it would be his curiosity for life and the world around him. Curiosity is the force
that motivated him
to observe, dissect and document every particle of matter that warranted his attention.
From babies in
the womb to seashells on the beach, nothing escaped his relentless intellect. The mind of
Leonardo
transcends the period of the Renaissance and every epoch thereafter. It is universally
acknowledged that
his imagination, his powers of reason, and his sheer energy surpass that of any person in
history. The
study of Leonardo is limited only by the inadequacy of the student.