FREE ESSAY ON HUGHES

HUGHES

As a talented American author, Langston Hughes captured and integrated the realities and
demands of Africa America in his work by utilizing the beauty, dignity, and heritage of
blacks in America in the 1920s. Hughes was reared for a time by his grandmother in Kansas
after his parents' divorce. Influenced by the poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar and Carl
Sandburg, he began writing creatively while still a boy.
Not only did Hughes suffer from poverty but also from restrictions that came with living
in a segregated community. While he attended an integrated school, he was not permitted
to play team sports or join the Boy Scouts. Even his favorite movie theater put a sign
that read "No Colored Admitted." In spite of these obstacles, Hughes developed a natural
sense of self-confidence and hope. His grandmother always lived as a free woman and was
insistent about standing up for the right of all people to be free. Under her influence,
Hughes learned to endure the hardships of prejudice without surrendering his dignity or
pride. (Berry 7)
"My father hated Negroes," Hughes wrote, "I think he hated himself, too, for being a
Negro." Hughes wanted to attend Colombia University and needed his father's financial
aid. His father refused because he wanted Hughes to study engineering. Seeing his son's
determination, he finally agreed to help pay his tuition. University officials were
surprised to discover Hughes was black. He was discriminated against from dormitories to
the student newspaper. Angered by the racism he unexpectedly encountered, Hughes began to
explore New York, which brought about the most important stage in his development as a
writer. Even though his father was racist, Hughes never was. He always sought to speak to
all Americans, especially on the larger issues of social, economic, and political
justice. He did not hide the fact that he lived with racism, but he talked of his
strength, and the strength of many other blacks, to stand tall and believe in a better
future. (Berry 12)
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and psychological watershed. It was an era in which
black people were perceived as having finally liberated themselves from a past fraught
with self-doubt to an unprecedented optimism. It gave African Americans a novel pride in
all things black and a cultural confidence that stretched beyond the borders of Harlem to
other black communities in the Western world. The Harlem Renaissance was a provocative
response to the new era: an aesthetic response that transcends time to celebrate
identity, creativity, the past, and the present. (Rummel 33)
Hughes accepted his vocation "to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America."
His personal credo, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," became the credo of a
generation of African-American poets. In it Hughes argued against surrendering racial
pride to the hope of acceptance of whites. The urge among some black artists to be "as
little Negro and as much American as possible," wrote Hughes, was a "mountain standing in
the way of any true Negro art." Hughes' poetry drew from traditional sources and
individual voices; his experiments reflected an attempt to capture the myriad of colors
known as "black." He defined a black beauty in which he interpreted and recorded the
lives of the common black folk. To Hughes, even when an ordinary person sang, danced, or
worked; they were likely to be making beauty. He truly believed that these people were
producing art and culture all the time, almost as if they were rainbows that had to be
captured before they vanished. His interest in portraying the lives of average people
angered black leaders who believed that black writers should emphasize the best qualities
of blacks so white leaders would obtain a favorable impression. (Chow 1)
When he took a job as a seaman aboard an old ocean liner, Hughes marveled at the vitality
and diversity of African tribal culture, but he also saw how the continent was exploited
and poverty-stricken by the European colonial powers. Hughes' time in Africa was
inspirational, resulting in several poems condemning white colonialism or celebrating
black unity and beauty. His racial pride made his poetry popular among many Africans.
(Berry 21)
When he traveled to Paris, Hughes developed a love for jazz. His passion for jazz
affected his approach to poetry. His skillful mixture of jazz influences in his work
earned him a reputation as a "jazz poet." Jazz to him was one of the most intrinsic
expressions of Negro life in America. Publishing his poems in The Crisis and The
Opportunity, Hughes became a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance. (Rummel 54-55)
The versatility of Hughes was apparent in his capacity to create every literary
genre-poetry, fiction, drama, essay, and history. Through his writings, Hughes enhances
our love of humanity, our vision of the just society with a spiritual transcendence, and
broadens the horizons of joy and hope. His poetry served as an inspiration and a mentor
for the younger black writers who came of age in the 1960s. ("Poets" 1)
"My seeking has been to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America and
obliquely that of all humankind." When Langston Hughes wrote this statement, he was
explaining what he tried to do over the course of his career. He created a body of
work-poetry, fiction, journalism, essays, plays, and song lyrics-that reflected on the
black experience and informed white Americans about racial issues. While condemning
racism and the inequities it created for blacks and other minorities, Hughes called for
co-operation among all races. He crossed color barriers to gain widespread popularity.
His personal compassion, social awareness, and literary talent made him one of the
dominant voices in American literature and perhaps the single most influential black
poet. (Berry 5)
Bibliography
Berry, S. Langston Hughes. Manakato: Creative Education, 1994.
Chow, Belinda. A Research Brief: Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance.
24 May 2000. An American Reader, U of Texas. 1996 .
Poets of the Harlem Renaissance and After. 17 May 2000. The Academy of American Poets, 
Smithsonian Institute. 1997 .
Rummel, Jack. Langston Hughes. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.