FREE ESSAY ON EDGAR ALLAN POE

EDGAR ALLAN POE

In the Valley of the Shodows
Edgar Allan Poe was born at 33 Hollis Street, Boston, Mass., on January 19, 1809, the son
of poverty stricken actors, David, and Elizabeth (born Arnold) Poe. His parents were then
filling an engagement in a Boston theatre, and the appearances of both, together with
their sojourns in various places during their wandering careers, are to be plainly traced
in the play bills of the time. 
Paternal Ancestry
The father of the poet was one David Poe of Baltimore, Maryland, who had left the study
of the law in that city to take up a stage career contrary to the desire of his family.
The Poes had settled in America some two or three generations prior to the birth of
Edgar. Their line is distinctly traced back to Dring in the Parish of Kildallen, County
Cavan, Ireland, and thence into the Parish of Fenwick in Ayrshire, Scotland. Hence they
derived from Scotch-Irish stock, with what trace of the Celtic is doubtful. The first
Poes came to America about 1739. The immediate paternal ancestors of the poet landed at
Newcastle, Delaware, in 1748 or a little earlier. These were John Poe and his wife Jane
McBride Poe who went to settle in eastern Pennsylvania. This couple had ten children in
their family, among them one David who was the grandfather of the poet. David Poe married
Elizabeth Cairnes, also of Scotch-Irish ancestry, then living in Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
whence, sometime prior to the outbreak of the American Revolution they moved to
Baltimore, Maryland. 
David Poe and his wife, Elizabeth Cairnes Poe, took the patriot side in the Revolution.
David was active in driving the Tories out of Baltimore and was appointed Assistant
Deputy Quartermaster, which meant that he was a local purchasing agent of military
supplies for the Revolutionary Army. He is said to have been of considerable aid to
Lafayette during the Virginia and Southern campaigns, and for this patriotic activity he
received the courtesy title of General. His wife Elizabeth took an active part in making
clothes for the Continental Army. David and Elizabeth Poe (Sr.) had seven children David,
the eldest son, becoming the father of the poet. Two sisters of David, Eliza Poe
(afterward Mrs. Henry Herring) and Maria Poe (later Mrs. William Clemm) enter into the
story of the poet's life, the latter particularly, as she became his mother-in-law in
addition to being his aunt. With her he lived from 1835 to 1849. 
Young David Poe was destined for the law, but as previously mentioned, he finally left
his native city to go on the stage. His first professional appearance took place at
Charleston, S. C., in December, 1803. A dramatic notice of this performance in a local
paper describes David Poe as being extremely diffident while—
. . .His voice seems to be clear, melodious and variable; what its compass may be can
only be shown when he acts unrestrained by timidity. His enunciation seemed to be very
distinct and articulate; and his face and person are much in his favor. His size is of
that pitch well fitted for general action if his talents should be suited to sock and
buskin. . . . 
This is perhaps the only direct evidence extant of the physical appearance of the poet's
father. No pictures of him are known to exist. His histrionic powers were at best very
limited. He continued to play in minor parts in various Southern cities and in January,
1806, married Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins, a young childless widow, also an actress, whose
husband had died but a few months before. Elizabeth Arnold Poe became mother of Edgar
Allan Poe.
Maternal Ancestry
The young widow whom David Poe married in 1806 had been born in England in the spring of
1787. She was the daughter of Henry Arnold, and Elizabeth Arnold (born Smith) both actors
at the Covent Garden Theatre Royal, London. Henry Arnold died apparently about 1773. His
widow continued to support herself and her child by acting and singing, and in 1796,
taking her young daughter with her, she came to America and landed in Boston. Mrs. Arnold
continued her professional career in America at first with considerable minor success.
Either immediately before, or just after arriving in the United States, however, she
married a second time, one Charles Tubbs, an Englishman of minor parts and character. The
couple continued to act, sing, and dance in various cities throughout the eastern
seaboard and the young Miss Arnold was soon noticed on the play bills appearing in
childish roles as a member of the various troupes to which her family belonged. Mr. and
Mrs. Tubbs disappeared from view about 1798 but the career of Elizabeth Arnold, Poe's
mother, can be traced accurately by various show bills and notices in the newspapers of
the different cities in which she played until her death in 1811. It was during her
wanderings as an actress that she married C. D. Hopkins, himself an actor, in August,
1802. There were no children by this union. Hopkins died three years later, and in 1806,
as previously noted, his widow was married to David Poe. 
The couple continued to play together but with very minor success. They had three
children. William Henry Leonard born in Boston in 1807, Edgar born in Boston in 1809, and
Rosalie at Norfolk, Va., probably in December, 1810. Due to their poverty, which was
always extreme, the first child, Henry, had been left in the care of his grandparents in
Baltimore shortly after his birth. Edgar was born while his parents were filling an
engagement at the Boston Theatre. In the summer of 1809 the Poes went to New York where
David Poe either died or deserted his wife, probably the former. Mrs. Poe was left with
the infant Edgar and some time afterward gave birth to a daughter. A suspicion was
afterwards thrown on the paternity of this last child and on the reputation of Mrs. Poe,
which played an unfortunate part in the lives of her children. It is safe to say that it
was unjust. 
From 1810 on, Mrs. Poe continued, although in failing health, to appear in various roles
in Norfolk, Va., Charleston, S. C., and Richmond. In the winter of 1811 she was overtaken
by a fatal illness and died on December 8th in circumstances of great misery and poverty
at the house of a Scotch milliner in Richmond. She was buried in the churchyard of St.
John's Episcopal Church in that city two days later, but not without some pious
opposition. 
Mrs. Poe was survived by three orphaned children. Two of these, Edgar and Rosalie, were
with her at the time of her death and were cared for by charitable persons. Edgar, then
about two years old, was taken into the home of John Allan, a Scotch merchant in fairly
prosperous circumstances, while the infant Rosalie was given shelter by a Mr. and Mrs.
William Mackenzie. The Allans and Mackenzies were close friends and neighbors. The
children remained in these households, and the circumstances of their fostering were, as
time went on, equivalent to adoption. 
Frances Keeling Valentine Allan, the wife of the Scotch merchant who had given shelter to
the infant orphan Edgar Poe, was a childless woman who had been married for some years.
The child Edgar appears to have been a bright and attractive little boy, and despite some
reluctance on the part of Mr. Allan, he was soon ensconced as a permanent member of the
household. Although there is some evidence of an attempt on the part of paternal
relatives in Baltimore to assert their interest in the child, the young boy remained as
the foster-son of John Allan in Richmond, where he was early put to a school kept by a
Scotch dame and apparently later to one William Irwin, a local schoolmaster. There is
every evidence that his early years of childhood were spent in happy and comfortable
surroundings. Mrs. Allan and her maiden sister, Nancy Valentine, who resided in the same
household, were peculiarly fond of their pet. He seems, indeed, to have been somewhat
overdressed and spoiled as a very little boy, a propensity on the part of the women which
the foster-father tried to offset by occasional but probably welltimed severity. 
In 1815 the family sailed for England on the Ship Lothair, taking Edgar with them, After
a brief stay in London they visited Scotch relatives, the Galts, Allans, and Fowlds, at
Kilmarnock, Irvine, and other places about Ayrshire. A journey was made to Glasgow and
then back to London in the late fall of 1815 when Edgar was sent back to Scotland at
Irvine. There for a short time he attended the Grammar School. By 1816, however, he was
back in London where his foster-father was endeavoring to build up a branch of his
Richmond firm, Ellis and Allan, by trading in tobacco and general merchandise. The family
resided at Southampton Row, Russell Square, while the young Edgar was sent to a boarding
school kept by the Misses Dubourgs at 146 Sloane Street, Chelsea. He remained there until
the summer of 1817. In the fall of that year he was entered at the Manor House School of
the Rev. Mr. John Bransby at Stoke Newington, then a suburb of London. At this place be
remained until some time in the spring of 1820 when he was withdrawn to return to
America. The young Poe's memories of his five years' stay in Scotland and England were
exceedingly vivid and continued to furnish him recollections for the remainder of his
life. He seems to have been a precocious and somewhat lordly young gentleman. A curious
and vivid reminiscence of these early school days in England remains in his story of
William Wilson. It is significant of his relations with his foster-parents that the bills
for his English schooling are rendered for Master Allan. There can be little doubt that
at this time Mr. Allan regarded him as a son. Other evidence is not lacking. 
John Allan's business ventures in London had been unfortunate. He returned to the United
States, arriving in Richmond in August, 1820, considerably embarrassed, a condition in
which his partner Charles Ellis was also involved. Assignments of real estate were
eventually made to satisfy creditors. The life of the Allan family, however, continued to
be comfortable. Edgar was sent to an Academy kept by William Burke, later by Joseph H.
Clarke, and attended by the sons of the best families in Richmond. At school the young
Poe excelled in languages, oratory, amateur theatricals, and attained a notable prowess
in swimming. He appears to have attracted the attention of his masters and elders by his
brilliance and to have been well liked but somewhat aloof from most of his playmates. At
a very youthful age he began to write poetry, his first verses dating from his early
teens. About 1823 he became intimate in the home of a schoolmate, Robert Stanard, whose
mother, Jane Stith Stanard, took a tender interest in the brilliant young boy, an
affection which was ardently and romantically returned. It was to this lady that Poe
afterwards addressed his poem To Helen, beginning... 
Helen, thy beauty is to me 
Mrs. Stanard soon went mad and died. The tragedy was undoubtedly taken to heart by Poe to
whom it came as a great blow shocking him significantly. He is said on somewhat
questionable authority to have haunted her grave in the lonely cemetery by night. There
is no doubt that he continued to cherish her memory as long as be lived. 
Be that as it may, however, by 1824 the young poet who had been addressing the girls of a
neighboring female academy in juvenile lyrics found himself fully embarked upon the
troubled waters of a more adult life. Mrs. Stanard had died; his foster-father John Allan